Childhood defiance correlated with drug dependence

ScienceDaily (Aug. 1, 2012) ? Childhood defiance is correlated with drug dependence whereas inattention suggests a susceptibility to smoking.

Children who exhibit oppositional behavior run the risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, cannabis and cocaine whilst Inattention symptoms represent a specific additional risk of nicotine addiction. Nevertheless, hyperactivity in itself does not seem to be associated with any specific risk of substance abuse or dependence. This is what researchers at the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center's (UHC) Research Center and the University of Montreal concluded following a 15-year population-based study published in Molecular Psychiatry.

In order to delineate the roles played by inattention, hyperactivity, opposition, anxiety and adversity, the behavior of 1,803 children between 6 and 12 years of age were evaluated annually by their mothers and teachers. Over half the participants were females. The study revealed that by the age of 21, 13.4% were either abusing or addicted to alcohol, 9.1% to cannabis, and 2.0% to cocaine. Tobacco addiction was a problem for 30.7 % of the participants.

The link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and substance abuse in adulthood was already known. However, very few studies have been undertaken into the particular and respective roles of behavioural symptoms such as opposition that are often concomitant with ADHD (without being part of the disorder), attention deficit and hyperactivity. Furthermore, at least as many girls as boys were sampled in order to assess the potential impact of gender on the findings.

"By taking into account the unique effect of inattention and hyperactivity, which had seldom been considered separately before, we came to realize that the link between ADHD symptoms in childhood and substance abuse in adulthood was overestimated and hyperactivity in itself did not seem, in this study, to predispose for future substance abuse," observed Dr. Jean-Baptiste Pingault, a postdoctoral fellow and first author of the study conducted under the supervision of Drs Sylvana C?t? and Richard E. Tremblay, both researchers at the Sainte-Justine UHC's Research Center and professors at the University of Montreal.

"We have rather observed strong oppositional behaviors to be associated with cannabis and cocaine abuse. In ADHD symptoms, only inattention is closely correlated with nicotine addiction," he continued. As for the impact of gender on findings, the study reveals opposition and inattention play a largely identical role in girls and boys. However, within the context of the study, it was established that boys consumed more cannabis and alcohol, while girls smoked more cigarettes.

Opposition and Drug Addiction

The strongest behavioral predictor of substance abuse lies in frequent oppositional behavior in childhood, which can be recognized through traits such as irritability, being quick to "fly off the handle," disobedience, refusal to share materials with others to carry out a task, blaming others and being inconsiderate of others. In fact, in strongly oppositional children, the risk of tobacco abuse, once other factors were taken into account, was 1.4 times higher than in children who exhibited little oppositional behavior. The risk is 2.1 times higher for cannabis abuse and 2.9 times higher for cocaine abuse. It should be noted that the mothers' evaluations provided further essential information in relation to the teachers' evaluations. In fact, some children who were declared highly oppositional by their mothers, but not at all by their teachers, also ran a higher risk of substance abuse and addiction.

Inattention and Smoking

The other important correlation established by the study was the link between inattention and smoking. Very inattentive children had a 1.7-fold increased risk of becoming addicted to tobacco. The degree of inattention even reveals the intensity of future nicotine addiction. The link supported the hypothesis that inattentive people would use tobacco as a "treatment" to help them concentrate.

"If other studies can establish a chemical relation of cause and effect between ADHD symptoms and smoking, we could suppose that treating inattention symptoms would make it easier to quit smoking. Until this is demonstrated, our study's findings nonetheless suggest that the prevention or treatment of inattention and opposition symptoms in children could reduce the risk of smoking and drug abuse in adulthood," concluded Dr. Pingault.

Share this story on Facebook, Twitter, and Google:

Other social bookmarking and sharing tools:

---

Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Universit? de Montr?al.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

---

Journal Reference:

1. J-B Pingault, S M C?t?, C Gal?ra, C Genolini, B Falissard, F Vitaro, R E Tremblay. Childhood trajectories of inattention, hyperactivity and oppositional behaviors and prediction of substance abuse/dependence: a 15-year longitudinal population-based study. Molecular Psychiatry, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.87

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/living_well/~3/F6NNze7nkDw/120801112607.htm

lea michele michael buble michael buble teddy roosevelt rita hayworth rita hayworth lakers rumors

Olde World Stone and Tile Molds, Inc. Announces 2012 DIY Home ...

Olde World Stone & Tile Molds Inc. as well as their online store themoldstore.com is giving away a chance to win a $500 shopping spree at their store when a participant votes in the 2012 Customer Project Contest. This is a chance for every do-it-yourselfer to showcase the work they are proud of and have it be voted for by the public. The voters as well as people submitting projects have a chance to win cash, lunches and the $500 shopping spree.

Read the full article here:
Olde World Stone and Tile Molds, Inc. Announces 2012 DIY Home Improvement ?

Tagged as: online, projects

Source: http://blog.pegandrail.com/olde-world-stone-and-tile-molds-inc-announces-2012-diy-home-improvement/

capital gains tim thomas oral roberts les paul fred thompson fred thompson red hook

Wider Waistlines Put Damper on Men's Sex Lives: Study

WEDNESDAY, Aug. 1 (HealthDay News) -- For men, adding more inches to the waistline could mean trouble in the bedroom, a new study finds.

Obese men not only raise their risk for heart disease and metabolic disorders, but they may also boost their odds for sexual dysfunction and frequent urination, say researchers from New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, in New York City.

"The findings demonstrate that obesity in men -- part of a growing global epidemic -- affects their well-being in profound ways," study senior author Dr. Steven Kaplan, professor of urology at the medical school and chief of the hospital's Institute for Bladder and Prostate Health, said in a hospital news release.

He said the findings highlight the notion that "we have to think of the body in a much more holistic way. What we eat can have devastating consequences on more than just our hearts. Quality-of-life issues, such as sexual and voiding health, can be affected as well in drastic ways."

The researchers examined more than 400 men with lower urinary tract symptoms, such as more frequent urination during the day and at night. The men ranged from 40 to 91 years of age. Of these men, 37.5 percent had a waist circumference of less than 36 inches, about one-third had a waistline between 36 and 40 inches and 29 percent had waists larger than 40 inches.

Obesity also affected the men's sexual health, the study revealed. After surveying the men, the investigators found that about three-quarters of those with the largest waists experienced erectile dysfunction and 65 percent had problems with ejaculation.

But as obesity lessened, sexual function improved. Erectile dysfunction was only reported in half of the men with 36- to 40-inch waists, the researchers noted, and only 40 percent of the men in this group also experienced problems with ejaculation.

Of the men with the smallest waists, 32 percent reported erectile dysfunction and 21 percent had problems ejaculating, the survey indicated.

The study also found that the men with larger waists were affected by more frequent urination. Almost four out of every 10 men with the largest waist measurements urinated more than eight times in 24 hours. In comparison, this was true for only 27 percent of men with waistlines measuring between 36 and 40 inches and just 16 percent of men with the smallest waist size.

Although the researchers are uncertain about why obesity is linked to sexual and urinary problems, they suggested changes in blood flow to the pelvis may be a contributing factor. They also speculated that changes in hormone levels due to obesity could also play a role.

"We now have an expanded understanding of how obesity can impact the health of men, and a simple way to recognize which men might be affected in these ways," concluded Kaplan. "This adds even more importance to the recommendation that men should maintain a healthy weight for their overall well-being."

The researchers added that losing weight could improve men's sexual and urinary health. They noted that after their study was completed, additional research also revealed that trimming just two-and-a-half inches from the waistline could dramatically improve men's sexual dysfunction and frequent urination.

The findings offer doctors a simple way to determine which men may be at greater risk for sexual dysfunction or urinary problems, the study's authors said. "Measuring a man's waistline is easy, noninvasive and does not require extensive testing," Kaplan noted.

In addition to urinary and sexual dysfunction, men with larger waists are also more likely to be affected by coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol, the study authors found.

The study was published in the August issue of the British Journal of Urology International.

More information

The U.S. National Library of Medicine has more about obesity.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/wider-waistlines-put-damper-mens-sex-lives-study-160513756.html

day 26 gronkowski new hunger games trailer sasquatch david choe national wear red day gunner kiel

Family Holidays ? The Inclusive and Luxury Holiday with Children

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://articlelib.org/family-holidays-the-inclusive-and-luxury-holiday-with-children/

nick diaz sheryl sandberg superbowl recipes super bowl kick off chili recipes carlos condit diaz vs condit

Tax-credit program offers new opportunities to families living near ...

Families who live near low-achieving public schools can take advantage of a new state program to help pay for a better education elsewhere.

This month, Gov. Tom Corbett signed a law creating the Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit Program.

To Nomsa Gule, a Harrisburg single mother of three, it?s like a godsend.

With her part-time job as a personal shopper at Giant supermarket in Camp Hill, she couldn?t afford the $337.50 a month tuition to keep her three children in Catholic schools. She?s getting scholarships from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg that lower her tuition, but it?s not enough.

She didn?t want to send her kids to Harrisburg High School or Foose School.

Now she might get some help.

Students who live in the attendance areas of the state?s 414 low-achieving schools are eligible to receive an Opportunity Scholarship to attend a private school or another public school. The scholarships are for up to $8,500 for regular education students and up to $15,000 for special-education students.

That money can go toward tuition plus other costs such as uniforms or books. Low-income families such as Gule?s will get priority.

Money for the scholarships comes from businesses that get state tax credits in exchange for their donation to a state-recognized scholarship organization.

It is what some public school advocates call a ?voucher-lite? program; it provides money to families to exercise school choice. But unlike with vouchers, the money does not come from state government.

Opportunity Scholarships are not available yet. But state officials aim to make sure they are available this year, said Steven Kratz, a spokesman for the state Department of Community and Economic Development.

Last week, the state identified which underperforming schools would be eligible for the program.

Officials at midstate schools appearing on the low-achiever list were at a loss about what this designation requires of them.

The state Department of Education will send notices to affected schools this week, said Tim Eller, a department spokesman.

On Friday, Harrisburg Superintendent Sybil Knight-Burney said, ?I?m still trying to find out the information myself, or what the root causes are or what the rationale for the listing is totally.?

Avoiding city schools

For Gule, who moved to Harrisburg a few years ago, her children?s experience in the city schools was not a good one.

She said her daughter was picked on by other students; the teacher spent more time disciplining students than teaching them; her son didn?t get the special-education services he needed; he never came home with homework; and his teacher never seemed to be the same person from one day to the next.

?I didn?t like what was going on in the school district,? she said.

Gule liked the small classes, teacher stability, structure and faith-based grounding of Catholic schools but struggled to pay the tuition.

She considered moving her family from their Hall Manor apartment to a one-bedroom place outside the city before the start of school this year. That way, if her kids had to go to public school, at least it wouldn?t be in the city.

?I was praying, ?What else can I do?? ? Gule said. ?The city schools wasn?t going to be an option.?

Families with incomes of up to $60,000 can qualify for scholarships. They can earn an additional $12,000 for each child beyond the first. It doesn?t matter if they previously attended the low-achieving school, as long as they live in its attendance area.

?That would help me out tremendously. It really would,? Gule said.

Harrisburg School Board member Rhonda Mays pointed out that Harrisburg students might have to go to West Shore schools if those districts elect to participate as receiving schools.

?I would hate to see all of our students go across the river. We already know we are struggling as a school district, being on this list year after year. What we need in this community is open, honest leadership and community involvement,? Mays said.

Strong interest expected

Guidelines for the new program are being written and are expected to be completed this week or next.

Representatives of scholarship organizations are expecting businesses? interest in the tax credits to run strong.

Businesses have embraced an existing program, the Educational Improvement Tax Credit program. The EITC program offers businesses tax credits for donating to novel education programs or scholarships. Lawmakers raised the funding for the EITC program this year to $100 million ? an increase of $25 million ? because of its popularity.

As of last week, all $100 million in tax credits were exhausted, Kratz said.

The Legislature provided $50 million for the new Opportunity Scholarship Tax Credit program.

?I think a lot of businesses like being able to help educate their future workforce,? said Natalie Nutt, executive director of The Bridge Educational Foundation, a statewide scholarship organization based in Harrisburg.

Her group is awaiting the guidelines for the new program before deciding whether to get involved.

Nutt said she expects the new program will involve a few more steps than the EITC program does but she doesn?t think that would dissuade her organization from participating.

A bigger concern than a lack of interest by companies or scholarship organizations is the lack of time, said Otto Banks, executive director of REACH Foundation, a Harrisburg-based school-choice advocacy group.

He questions whether businesses will have enough time between when the guidelines become available and the school year starts to make the scholarship resources available.

?The onus is on REACH and some other scholarship organizations to go out there and contact the business community and make them aware this program is in existence,? Banks said. ?There are many children throughout Pennsylvania who are in dire need of scholarships so they can obtain a quality education.?

Rules on admittance

Once school districts receive official notification from the Education Department, they have 15 days to notify parents of their eligibility for scholarships and the opportunities available to assist them.

Private and public schools have the option to accept scholarship students. If they do, the law says public schools must admit scholarship students on a lottery basis until available seats are filled.

Private schools cannot discriminate against special-education students unless they do not offer programs to serve them.

Schools are not required to admit a student who has been expelled from a school. They also are not permitted to recruit students for athletic purposes.

Livia Riley, superintendent of schools for the Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg, said her schools across 15 counties have 4,000 available seats, including many in the Harrisburg area. Just about every county in the diocese has at least one of the public schools on the low-achieving list, she said.

?We are more than happy to accept these children,? Riley said. ?I think with parents now having a choice, they will look at our Catholic schools more closely because they now have the financial opportunity to send their children there. So it gives them an option that I don?t think they had.?

Financially, districts with schools on the low-achieving list won?t take a hit from the new program. They will continue to receive the same level of state support that they would get if the students remained in their districts.

Plus, districts will be reimbursed for a portion of the cost of transporting students to their new school provided it is within 10 miles of a district?s boundary.

The public school can use those resources and tap available grants and department-provided resources to raise student performance, said Eller, the Education Department spokesman.

?The program first and foremost is geared toward students, not geared to schools,? he said. ?But it is trying to up the ante for schools to come off the low-achieving list. It puts a little competition into it to kick it up a notch.?

Staff writer Eric Veronikis contributed to this report.

Source: http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2012/07/tax-credit_program_offers_new.html

madonna madonna superbowl halftime ufc 143 results kickoff time super bowl 2012 superbowl national anthem patriots vs giants super bowl

Council of PR Firms Career Center: Internet/Online jobs, Reston ...

Director of Online Marketing POSTED: Jul 31 Salary: Open Location: Reston, Virginia Employer: National Wildlife Federation Type: Full Time - Experienced Category: Internet/Online Required Education: 4 Year Degree

About National Wildlife Federation National Wildlife Federation gives voice to the wildlife conservation values that are part of our country?s heritage. We are charting a new course for wildlife that our children and grandchildren will thank us for. The National Wildlife Federation is America's largest conservation organization. We work with more than 4 million members, partners and supporters in communities across the country to protect and restore wildlife habitat, confront global warming and connect with nature. View all our jobs

The Director of Online Marketing works closely with the NWF Membership, Web Development, Editorial, Conservation & Education programs and the Action Fund as well as outside agencies as needed to develop and oversee the execution of mutli-channel strategies to advance NWF?s philanthropic funding goal. The Director is responsible for the continued success and growth of the National Wildlife Federation and National Wildlife Action Fund?s online philanthropy programs and will continue to expand and increase NWF?s online audience. RESPONSIBILITIES: Outreach and Cultivation Develop online marketing strategies to reach and acquire new online audiences of donors?leveraging paid media and all online channels. Develop acquisition campaigns on external sites (such as Care2, Network for Good, Mother Jones), Search, YouTube etc. Explore the use of social media (ex. Facebook and Causes) to promote fundraising campaigns and capture new supporters. Develop email contact strategy to cultivate new supporters and convert to donors. Develop strategic analysis model for online acquisitions which tracks cost per lead and break even points for all tactics. Innovation Identify new opportunities and develop strategic, integrated marketing efforts that leverage all online channels (Email, web/interactive sites, social media/blogs, paid media, Search) and newer technologies (video, apps, QR codes etc) Identify new and innovative opportunities for online philanthropy efforts. Serve as a driver in leveraging regional program work to develop cross-channel campaigns. Initiate and develop new online approaches using all marketing channels and digital technologies. Build and maintain relationships with all internal partners (Development, Editorial, Web, Social Media, Corporate Relations, Communications, etc.) and the Action Fund to ensure online philanthropic programs/initiatives are supported. Work closely with strategic online agency partner and identify smart investment opportunities to expand online audience base. Provide strategic oversight of the Membership Email program, develop the yearly appeal strategy and calendar; oversee development and approval of all e-appeals. Provide strategic oversight of the Membership online outreach schedule including blog, social media and search promotions. Training Provide effective training and supervision of the online philanthropy staff in achievement of program goals. Use performance appraisal to give constructive feedback to staff. Budgeting Help develop annual online budgets, including active participation in the monthly re-projection process. Track performance of all digital efforts to most effectively and efficiently meet budget goals.

EDUCATION: College degree or extensive direct work experience in direct response marketing. Bachelor?s degree in Business or related field preferred. EXPERIENCE: 8 years experience in online or multi-channel marketing. Direct experience managing online programs using email, web, search and social media. Proven experience working across multiple online departments to accomplish objectives and meet goals. Experience managing membership programs a plus. SKILLS: Excellent oral, written, and marketing communication skills; Proficiency with managing large projects and ability to coordinate and oversee simultaneous projects within a department; Ability to manage multiple projects with changing priorities, several with short-term deadlines; Sound decision making and ability to multi-task. Interested candidates please apply online with a resume and cover letter at http://www.nwf.org/About/Jobs-at-NWF.aspx. National Wildlife Federation is America?s conservation organization passionate about protecting wildlife for our children?s future. NWF offers an excellent benefits package. NWF is an equal opportunity employer committed to workplace diversity.

National Wildlife Federation

Reston VA

http://www.nwf.org "); febox .html('') .addClass('featured-employer-box') .appendTo($('body')) .css({ "height":fWin.height() - 50, "width":980 }) .overlay({ top: 20, closeOnClick:true, load: false }); feframe = $('#featured-employer-frame'); }); $('body').delegate('.fe-popup','click',function(e) { var el = $(this); feframe.contents().find('body').html(""); feframe.attr('src',el.data('url')); febox.overlay().load(); }); })(jQuery); "); febox .html('') .addClass('network-logo-box') .appendTo($('body')) .css({ "height":700, "width":700 }) .overlay({ top: 20, expose: { color: '#ffffff', closeOnClick: true }, load: false }); feframe = $('#network-logo-frame'); }); $('body').delegate('.network-logo-popup','click',function(e) { var el = $(this); feframe.contents().find('body').html(""); feframe.attr('src',el.data('url')); febox.overlay().load(); }); })(jQuery);

Source: http://careercenter.prfirms.org/jobs/4863665/director-of-online-marketing

beloved ufc results water for elephants old school nick swisher jaco san jose sharks

Choosing the Right Brand Consultants for Your Business Growth

Whether you are starting a new business or renovating an existing one, branding is of utmost importance. Branding increases the exposure to your business and helps in achieving global recognition. But in order to make your business reach greater heights, it is essential to implement branding strategies with the help of top brand consultants. Branding consultants are people who have expertise in branding techniques and help businesses increase their recognition among customers by using effective branding tactics. Branding consultants can be hired through brand consulting agencies. Branding expert analyze your business thoroughly and identify the branding necessities for your business. They also examine the customer relationship and how customers perceive your brand if you are running a full-fledged enterprise. For new businesses, the branding experts start brand building from scratch and implement effective strategies that can enhance the business growth.

Hiring specialized branding consultants will not be feasible for budding and small business owners. In such cases, if they are trying to start brand building for their business, they need to invest lots of money to hire brand consultant, conduct branding workshop and branding presentation. One of the cheapest and best ways of promoting a brand is the internet. The internet provides a cost effective way of approaching customers and creating a long lasting impression in their minds. Social media and social networks act as efficient tools for all the branding endeavors. If you are a business owner who is at present not in a position to spend for hiring branding consultant, then you can use the internet to learn about branding, get updates about the techniques and tricks used for building good brands and so on.

Branding workshops and branding presentations conducted by leading companies and top brand consultants can be downloaded from the internet and you can acquire adequate knowledge through those branding presentations. Branding speech delivered by experienced branding speaker can enlighten business owners about branding and its advantages.

Source: http://www.branditspecialty.com/choosing-the-right-brand-consultants-for-your-business-growth/

whitney houston funeral live pat buchanan slither slither chris christie naacp glen campbell